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Kenneth R. Shoulders' charge clusters, an underappreciated discovery, amazing experiments
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Experimental physicist Ken Scholders has received five Ken Shoulders also does not provide a convincing explanation for the new
phenomenon. He, as a brilliant experimenter, found a way and proposed a number
of devices for stable production of charge clusters, carefully investigated
their behavior, carried out the necessary measurements, outlined a number of EV
applications in which this new technology can give remarkable results. The inventor, however, makes a number of assumptions why, unlike a
traditional electron beam focused and held by external electric and magnetic
fields, EV charge clusters are stable in time and space. He designates them as
oscillating spherical monopoles, or as electronic plasmoids with discrete
energy levels, or as solitons - electromagnetic containers drifting in a deep
potential well. Not content with these images, Showders was able to measure and
calculate the specific parameters of the charge clusters. The size of the
observed single EV is about 0.1 microns, the number of electrons packed in such
a cluster is 10^8 ... 10^11 pieces. Further, the charge cluster acquires a
significant mass, capturing atoms of matter from the surrounding space in the
form of positive ions in the amount of one per 100,000 electrons, i.e. 10 ^ 3
... 10 ^ 6 pieces. Given the size of the cluster, we can assume that we are
talking about a very high density structure. The number of electrons was
determined by the size of the charge consumed during the formation of the cluster
or returned during its destruction. The fraction of captured ions was
calculated from the radius of curvature of a moving EV in a magnetic field. To observe individual EVs, Showders had to isolate
them by special means, usually the charge clusters generated at the
installation are grouped into rings of a well-defined diameter, which in turn
are combined into chains, i.e. form stable structures like a crystal lattice. (analogy with the Grinev crystal plasma
(link)). The charge clusters, which carry a huge number of
uncompensated electrons, not only do not repel each other, but form stable
structures, for the destruction of which sufficient external influence is
necessary. The total electric charge of the local cluster group depends on the
pressure and composition of the gas, on the specific environment (dielectric
surfaces, conductive screens) and is slightly negative or almost neutral. EV drift in an external field, interact with
surfaces, are destroyed with the release of energy and the release of a stored
electrical discharge when encountering a metal anode. Scholders believes that his EV, maybe in a slightly
different form, can be found in ordinary lightning, and in any powerful spark
discharge, that charge clusters arise every time where conditions of
autoelectronic emission appear in a powerful local electric field. |
fragment 2-1 (2 - the number of the work according to the list of references
fragment 2-2
fragment 2-3
fragment 2-4 |
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How did Ken Shoulders get his "charge clusters". The
experimental technique, schemes and design subtleties of the installation are
well represented in the materials of US Patent No. 5,018,180 (link). In
essence, the generator of charge clusters of the Shoulders is simple to the
point of primitiveness, one of the variants of such a generator is shown in the
figure. A pointed cathode creates conditions for the
occurrence of autoelectronic emission, a quartz or glass tube filled with
discharged gas at a pressure of 1- |
drawing 2-1 |
drawing 1-1 |
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However, not everything is so simple. To begin with,
the tip of the cathode will collapse from local heating at the first application
of high voltage, and the conditions for autoelectronic emission will disappear.
Scholders has found an unusual and desirable solution to this problem. He
"wetted" the electrode in the emission zone with mercury or other (specified
in the patent) by the agent (Fig.5). Evaporating, mercury removes excess heat
from the local overheating zone and Another obstacle for the experimenter is the
transience of the processes associated with the formation, movement and
destruction of clusters. When a negative pulse with a duration of, for example,
600 nanoseconds is applied to the cathode, a whole series of EV is formed, and
the clusters are accelerated by the same field to a speed equal to about 0.1 of
the speed of light and very quickly pass through the tube. In this case, it is
possible to register only glowing tracks, high-frequency guidance in the screens
and craters of collapsing clusters on the anode. To obtain "drifting"
EVs, it is necessary to initiate the process with much shorter high-voltage
pulses, which are not at all easy to obtain. In the course of many years of
experiments, Showders literally re–developed picosecond electronics, developed
on the basis of devices built on the same EV designs. The fact is that an EV
cluster, flying past a turn or a strip of the screen, induces a very short and
powerful pulse in it, the shape of which is determined by the configuration of
the screen lamella. Suffice it to say that Sh. He worked with 2 kV pulses with
a duration of 3*10^-3 ns, built triodes and tetrodes on his tubes and flat
structures, isolated and redirected separate charge clusters in space.
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The energy balance of EV
... Experimenting with EV, Scholders very soon found that during the existence
of a charge cluster, it releases much more energy than goes to its generation
and acceleration. The cluster begins its existence at the tip of the
cathode during the autoelectronic emission process that occurs there. Unlike
thermo-, photo- and secondary emission, this process has a quantum nature, it
is practically inertialess, characterized by an abnormally high current density
(j =10^9-10 ^ As it was shown earlier, the cluster carries a very
small resulting charge compared to the "canned" one, so it also
cannot gain much energy from the electric field acting between the cathode and
the anode. Meanwhile, for the "highlighting" of this
macro-formation alone, energy is consumed for a fairly long time of its life,
comparable to the work of the output of the electron cloud in the process of
autoelectronic emission at the cathode. When moving the cluster along the tube, Shoulders
always observed strong electrical potential inducements in adjacent metal
structures. If these parts are closed to the ground through the load, power is
released on the resistor, which is taken from the passing cluster. |
drawing 1-2 |
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In the diagram Fig.50, a pulse with a voltage of 2 kV
and a duration of 16 ns is induced on a spiral wound on a glass tube, which, on
a 200 Ohm resistor, releases energy tens of times higher than the cost of
generating the initial cluster. But the main energy
is released when the EV is destroyed at the anode. This energy is generally
incomparable with the initial cost of forming a charge cluster. Upon meeting
with the target, a crater is formed, aluminum, stainless steel or palladium
foil is melted to a depth of several microns, a burst of point gamma radiation
is recorded. This phenomenon was elaborated in detail by Shoalders in the
corresponding article (link). |
fragment
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drawing 3-1
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It
convincingly proves not only the multiple excess of the released energy over
the expended one, but also explains the mechanism of this phenomenon - Ken
Shoulders registers Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) during the destruction
of a charge cluster at the moment of meeting with a palladium foil target. The
fact of nuclear reactions occurring, accompanied by transmutation of elements,
was registered by X-ray fluorescence analysis, in the places of destruction of
the EV p / f spectrometer shows a number of chemical elements, the appearance
of which cannot be explained by other reasons. At
the same time, to explain the phenomenon of positive energy EV during its drift
from the cathode to the anode, Showders draws on the concepts of ether and zero
oscillations, refers to the polarized ether as an inexhaustible source of
energy.
fragment
Extract from Wikipedia |
fragment
drawing 3-2, 3-3 |
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It is more logical to assume that a charge cluster, as
an object of a special state of matter, creates conditions of ultra-high
density of matter in its structures (according to Grinev - link), in which
gently passing nuclear reactions with a positive energy yield are realized. In part, the
atoms of matter necessary for these processes are already present in the
cluster, in the future they are involved from the space surrounding the moving
cluster. Thus, according to the observations of Scholders, it was possible to
generate EV in high vacuum at a distance of no more than one millimeter between
the cathode and the anode, while when the tube was filled with discharged gas,
charge clusters confidently arose and drifted to the anode along a tube up to |
fragment |
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Scholders' works are multifaceted
and rich in unexpected details. We will focus here on only a few details that
allow us to draw conclusions for later presentation. The device shown in the figure, like
all the experimental installations of the Showalders, is a rather miniature,
carefully constructed product made of high-quality materials (ceramics,
stainless steel, precision-alloyed silicon). The work is carried out in a vacuum or in an
environment of a certain gas at a pressure of several millimeters of mercury. Behind
the scenes are visual surveillance systems and special pulse generators, also
made using the "Shoulders technology". A short negative pulse is
applied to a typical cathode 660, which causes autoelectronic emission and the
formation of charge clusters. With the help of the electrode Thus, the described device proves the
possibility of cascading a charge cluster through a number of passive devices,
why not, for example, a micrograin of nanopowder, and it is possible to carry
out extended "reproduction" of EV. |
drawing 1-3
fragment |
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Now let's move on to the Edward Branly coherer and the
Rossi–Foccardi tube. They are united, in general, by the similarity of the
design and the unexplained nature of internal processes. According to the text
of the Wikopedia: "The coherer was invented by Edward Branly in 1890 and
was a glass tube filled with metal filings that could dramatically and
significantly (several hundred times) change their conductivity under the
influence of a radio signal. The signal caused a lot of sparks to slip between
individual sawdust. The sparks destroyed the oxide layer on their surface, and
they "fused" with each other." Much about the coherer
Perhaps this explanation meets the conditions when the
provoking discharge occurs in the immediate vicinity of the coherer, but after
all, this device at the end of the century before last worked properly at many
radiotelegraph stations where the receiver and transmitter were separated by
tens of kilometers. Does the signal received from the ether have enough energy
to melt the crystal faces, is there enough EMF to break an entire chain (very
long chain) of oxide films. After the work
of Scholders, the functioning of the coherer can be explained at a new
level. Autoelectronic emission and the
formation of a charge cluster at one of the coherer electrodes will entail a
sequential process developing along the tube: it will go from one grain of
metal powder to an adjacent grain in the direction of the active field. |
fragment |
A zigzag path is formed between the electrodes of the
coherer, the conductivity of the channel as a result, either of fusion, or of
some other electrochemical processes, increases significantly, the coherer is
triggered. In any case, the Scholders charge clusters explain the abnormally
high energy of the process in the coherer tube.
Whether the coherer warmed up during operation, the
primary sources do not inform, but it is impossible to deny the powerful heat
release of the Rossi –Foccardi tube.
From the analysis
of photos and video materials of demonstration shows, it follows that in the
experiments of Rossi there was always some unreasonably complex power supply
for a simple heating source. And although this node is not called a
high-voltage pulse generator in the patent application, the very fact of the
need for continuous energy supply to maintain the heat generation process in
the installation suggests that it is not just a heater: after all, it is enough
to warm up the tube and the heat generation that has begun will make the
external heat supply unnecessary. Another mandatory reason on the demonstration
table was an oscilloscope that registers a certain periodic process: arising
each time with a different, random magnitude, amplitude, this process quickly
fades out, the scan frequency feels like about a hundred hertz. That is, there
is a cause and effect of the action - the initiator of the process is a
generator and a recorder that allows you to judge the achieved goal.
This is how I
would interpret the essence of the process in the Rossi device. Rossi's tube is
not glass, it is metal, so the initiating electrode passes, apparently, along
the axis. A high-voltage pulse, a pulse
packet or an aperiodically attenuated RF burst is supplied to this electrode
from the source, it does not matter. The tube is filled with nano-nickel powder
and hydrogen under high pressure. Hydrogen not only participates in the LENR
reaction, but also, being a good heat carrier, provides heat removal both at
the macro scale (to the walls of the tube) and at the micro level, preventing
nickel grains from melting during acts of autoelectronic emission and
destruction of charge clusters (as it happens in a coherer). Parallel processes
of relay transmission of clusters initiated from the outside (each time in a
new place and with different degrees of activity) develop from the axis of the
tube to the periphery, releasing heat mainly in the form of high frequency
radiation and to a small extent in the form of soft X-rays. Then there is a
pause necessary for the relaxation of the medium (heat removal, some processes
in which the catalyst is involved).
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Scholders charge clusters are the key to understanding
the processes that open the way to new energy. It is in them that Low Energy
Nuclear Reactions (LENR), low-energy nuclear reactions occur, accompanied by
the release of energy and transmutation of atomic nuclei of chemical elements. They
occur during the life of the cluster and especially violently during its decay. The above figure summarizes and formalizes the schemes that have been
implemented in the last decade and, contrary to the orthodoxies of physics,
have proved the reality and prospects of LENR processes. Scheme 1 – the classic generator of charge clusters of
Sсhoulders, |
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and in which he discovered and investigated this physical phenomenon. Figure 2 schematically shows Adamenko's "vacuum diode
", Proton 21, Kiev.
http://bankpatentov.ru/node/79885
http://www.proton21.com.ua/articles/Booklet_en.pdf
At the Adamenko installation, many clusters simultaneously fall on an almost point target. Energy
the energy released at the anode exceeds the energy consumption for the initiation of the process by many orders of magnitude. This fact
, along with almost 30% transmutation of the substance in the material of the destroyed target, made the objections
of critics-detractors simply irrelevant. Thousands of "shots" were carried out,
the results of the analysis of target microparticles were carefully documented, the data are available on the Internet, samples are sent
to interested organizations.
Figure 3 shows the diagram of the Energoniva installation by Magnitogorsk scientist Vachaev.
http://rulev-igor1940.ru/theme_171.html
The achievements and results of the domestic inventor are stubbornly hushed up or openly profaned
by me. Meanwhile, his scheme seems to be the most promising for practical use.
The diagram in Fig. 4 gives an interpretation of the device of the Rossi-Foccardi tube.
Charge clusters formed at the cathode are destroyed on the metal grains of the nanopowder, the
released negative charge creates conditions for autoelectronic emission on the sharp edge of the target grain and
,
accordingly, the emergence and regeneration of a secondary charge
cluster. The process proceeds in a cascade.
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. • The collective nature of the process results in the
softness of the energy release regime - there is no scattering of relativistic
particles and hard gamma radiation, and this is typical for any LENR reactions. • Vachaev wrote a lot that the set of transmutants
obtained strongly depends on the composition of impurities in running water and
on the burning mode of the plasmoid, in particular on the mode of energy
extraction from the reactor, which can be controlled by changing the operating
conditions of the reactor in the direction of obtaining maximum energy or
creating the necessary element. Gorenje wrote that the set of transmutants
obtained depends on the composition of impurities in running water and on the
burning mode of the plasmoid, in particular on the mode of energy extraction
from the reactor. Possible modes, do not take energy at all, if you do not take
into account the heat released. We can consider this as the non-reproducibility
and instability of the process, we can see a pattern in this. • There is a certain energetically stable state of the
cluster as a macro object. If you start taking energy from it, nuclear
reactions shift in the direction of more exothermic, the process can be used to
generate energy. The nature of the reactions also depends on the composition of
the atoms of the surrounding cluster or plasmoid medium, which was also
observed by Vachaev. When an object is taken out of some stable range, it
decays into the release of internal energy and the release of a significant
"canned" negative discharge. • The whole direction is the decontamination
(transmutation) of radioisotopes in both Vachaev and Shoulders…Development of
Sh works, rehabilitation of radioactive waste .http://blog.hasslberger.com/docs/EVO_Nuclear_Remediation.pdf It becomes clear the large amount of sediment at
Vachaev. The Rossi-Foccardi device consumes grams of nickel per month. It is
hardly advisable to transfer the necessary oxygen from water to iron and
silicon, it is more practical to develop more purposefully working devices such
as the Rossi-Foccardi installation. • Sh. calculated the number of electrons in the
cluster based on the magnitude of the pulse current creating this cluster and
its duration. The number of nucleons or the mass of the cluster was determined,
apparently, by the trajectory of the object in the electric field. Individual
clusters are clearly visible in the microscope, the generator can operate in
single pulse mode, the number of clusters is counted, and their size is
measured, hence the data on packing density. • The cluster as a whole is practically
electroneutral, although there are many orders of magnitude more electrons in
it than plus-ions. In a conventional gas discharge tube, the current is
maintained by a flow of electrons in a medium of slowly moving positive ions.
the current flows through the cathode, then the electrons are
"packed" into some neutral clusters that slowly drift to the anode,
are discharged, turning into a stream of the same electrons that resume the
"deferred" current and close the electrical circuit through the metal
anode. • Figure 52.54 shows a generator of high-voltage
pulses with a duration of picosecond duration (this generator, in turn, allows
you to build more clearly working cluster generators). Picosecond Shoalders
generators can give pulses of such short duration and such a precision shape
that it is impossible to transmit them to another device. • Ken Shoulders is a prophet in vacuum
microelectronics. Sh. offers different areas of cluster use: obtaining,
selection, transformation, observation, research of properties, etc. • Scheme Sh . with a spiral, the easiest way to
directly generate electricity (M.B. it is possible to start clusters in a
closed cycle)., it is better to use the Rossi heat generator in conjunction
with the • Why plasmoids or charge clusters appear in the Rossi
tube on the edge of sharp nanocrystals during the passage of a pulse. They do
not occur everywhere, but on separate crystals, each time in a different place.
As the pulse front propagates, the film on the nickel grains is not linear in
the I /A characteristic. m.b., as in Sh. mercury or others.the composition
given in the work.Sh. preserves the state of the tip on the grains. The mystery
of Edward Branly's coherer has not yet been solved. • In the mass of the nanopowder, when the pulse front
is applied, one (each.once a nov.a breakdown channel along the trajectory of
which charge clusters are ignited one after another, which exist for some time,
after which they go out. In them, the transmutation reactions with the release
of energy are just going on. Sawdust does not just "stick together"
in the coherer, a linear zigzag "path" of cooked sawdust is formed
there. • Showders investigated the behavior of drifting EVs
in different conditions, stated an analogy with the "wayward"
behavior of ball lightning. For example, Sh. I observed that charge clusters
"willingly" enter the micron slots - if you don't want a ball
lightning to visit, install it into the room only with a single-core wire. • In devices with autoelectronic emission,
multi-pointed cathodes are usually used, Sh. works with a single blade or
needle. Autoelectronic emission becomes especially interesting with the advent
of nano-preparations (grains, threads, etc.), where the sharpness and number of
blades, needles are obtained by themselves. • Just as air has a large breakdown resistance, it
nevertheless breaks through with a thunderstorm discharge. A sequential process
is developing – the discharge channel. There is also a chain of discharges in
the coherer, when each act prepares a subsequent process in an adjacent grain. |
References (the position of the list corresponds to the numbering of text fragments and drawings)
1.
http://www.google.com/patents?hl=de&lr=&vid=USPAT5153901&id=9AsmAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=US+Patent+%23+5018180+++++&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=US%20Patent%20%23%205018180&f=false
2. Ken Shoulders' Electrum Validum (EV). Robert A. Nelson
http://www.rexresearch.com/ev/ev.htm
3. Observations on the Role of Charge Clusters in
Nuclear Cluster Reactions. Ken Shoulders
and Steve Shoulders
http://www.svn.net/krscfs/nev%20clusters%202.pdf
http://ufn.ru/ufn92/ufn92_4/Russian/r924d.pdf
5. Emission of electrons from conductors. Kuznetsov S. I.
6. Remediation of Radioactive Emissions in Spe nt
Nuclear Fuels using High Density Charge
Cluster Techniques. David Yurth
http://blog.hasslberger.com/docs/EVO_Nuclear_Remediation.pdf
7. List of works by Ken Shoulders
8. Charge
clusters held by a self-consistent field.
V.G.Sapogin.
http://egf.tti.sfedu.ru/egf_files/11_308.pdf
9. Crystal plasma. Grinev V. T.
Keywords:
Ken
Shoulders, Shoulders, Charge Cluster, Charge Clusters, High Density Charge
Cluster, Coherer, Branly, R
rossi,
Foccardi, Grinev, LENR, Zero-Point Field, Transmutation, Nickel Nanopowder
