Vladimir Timofeevich Grinev

THEORY OF PLASMA CRYSTALLIZATION.

PREFACE

The mass media regularly report on the next major fundamental discovery. Most readers are already used to such publications and do not take them seriously. Certified scientists simply remain silent or react to all this with undisguised irritation. Nevertheless, publications appear and find their readers. Subconsciously, at the level of intuition, most people believe that sooner or later a really big discovery will happen, and this expectation of a miracle is intensively exploited. Fundamental discoveries are not made every day, therefore, the vast majority of these reports do not correspond to reality, and professional scientists can understand that it is painful and thankless to search for mistakes in an endless stream of obviously erroneous fantasies. But if you discard everything in a row, without bothering to carefully study new ideas, then the real discovery will surely be rejected, and sooner or later it will appear.   The paradox is that a real fundamental discovery capable of initiating a firework of fantastic inventions has long existed and is able to fully satisfy the wildest expectations, but remains unnoticed.

 Its main point is that it was possible to unravel the properties of matter at temperatures of hundreds of millions of degrees. Essentially, a fundamentally new, fifth state of matter has been discovered. It is given the conditional name "PLASMA CRYSTAL" (PC) or "CRYSTAL PLASMA".

 As it turned out, at a very high temperature, the substance can no longer be in the plasma state, and spontaneously, abruptly, passes into another state.

 The main reasons for this transition are understood. The basic properties of the substance in this state have been clarified. A lot of already existing and widely known experimental facts have been found directly confirming the existence of the above-mentioned state of matter. Moreover, solutions have been found that allow obtaining PCs in the laboratory.

As it turned out, PCs have many fantastic properties. For example, they do not need to be held at all, as they try to hold plasma. When the PC cools down, it avalanches into a state of ordinary plasma and explodes like a ball lightning explodes. In principle, ball lightning is a piece of matter in the fifth state.

 PC (ball lightning) can be used as controlled nuclear fusion reactors, as controlled mutation plants of chemical elements - any chemical element can be produced from hydrogen on an industrial scale, from helium to uranium and gold.

        PC-based thermonuclear reactors are relatively simple, reliable, inexpensive devices, completely unlike modern installations, operating on a completely different principle, absolutely safe in operation, not accumulating radioactive waste, providing direct conversion of nuclear fusion energy into electrical energy and capable of using not only deuterium and tritium as fuel, but also many other chemical elements.

 Plasma crystals can be used as generators of super-powerful coherent radiation in any range, from radio waves to hard nuclear radiation (for example, an X-ray laser), and as ultra-sensitive radios of the same range. Moreover, and maybe this is the most important thing - a PC is a mathematical processor of unprecedented power. There is no doubt now  artificial plasma crystal is the basis of rapid and rapid scientific and technological progress in the near future.

Introduction

The problem of implementing controlled thermonuclear fusion has been well known for a long time.  The root of the problem is that the effective cross-section of the nuclear fusion reaction has very small dimensions. The nuclei of atoms should get closer to (10^-14 m) and overcome the repulsive potential of several hundred (keV), and this is the equivalent temperature of several billion degrees. There are no special problems with the acceleration of particles to several hundred keV, but it turned out to be not easy to get the core into the core.     The aiming parameter of the approach of the nuclei should be in the area of the same (10^-14 m), and this is ten thousand times smaller than the classical diameter of the hydrogen atom. It seemed that there were no hopes, forcibly, with such inconceivable accuracy, to direct the cores towards each other, and it remains only to repeatedly throw them towards each other, hoping that sooner or later, the overclocked cores will accidentally collide. And this radically changes and spoils the whole idea of nuclear fusion. The formula – they spent several hundred electron volts on overclocking the nuclei, and received several million electron volts, turned out to be not accurate. In fact, it turns out that for one act of nuclear fusion, it is necessary to throw the nucleus into the nucleus several million times, and each time to accelerate these nuclei to several hundred keV.

The modern theory of controlled thermonuclear fusion  (CTF) sees a way out in the banal heating of thermonuclear fuel to a temperature of tens and hundreds of millions of degrees, and its retention at such a temperature until most of the nuclei, moving chaotically, collide and react.  In fact, plasma retention is the organization of a very large number of core-to-core throws, hoping to accidentally hit exactly the target. It is easy to calculate that only one out of a hundred million particles will hit the nucleus, even if the accelerated nuclei are directed exactly at the target atom.                                                                                                       The guiding star of the CTF is the well-known Lawson condition, which gives a quantitative ratio between the plasma density and its retention time. Lawson's condition is both the foundation and the sacred cow, in the modern theory of CTF .  It is based on the postulate that particles in plasma move chaotically, and their velocities are distributed according to Maxwell's law, and if you hold a bunch of particles long enough, sooner or later, most particles will successfully collide and react. The higher the particle density, the less time it takes to hold the plasma.

      Thus, the gas-kinetic properties of plasma are postulated, and this is the root of all problems and failures with the implementation of CTF.                                                                                                                                                              As it turned out, at a temperature of tens of millions of degrees, plasma particles can no longer move chaotically and randomly.

       Under the influence of their own magnetic fields, particles gather into jets (into separate beams, streams), and these jets interact with each other in such a way that focus points (three-dimensional intersections of these beams) are formed. Crossing the focus points, the particle beams are compressed (autofocused) and their diameter is compared with the de Broglie wavelength.

As a result, plasma radically changes its properties. Its density becomes extremely uneven, and at a low average density, it reaches fantastic values (neutron density) at the focus points.

In whatever direction a particle moves in such a plasma, it will be pulled into the nearest point of absolute focus, (whose dimensions are equal to the de Broglie wavelength for positive particles) will pass it, will be pulled again into the next closest point of focus, etc.

   Considering that the de Broglie wavelength for positive particles (deuterium ions, for example) is comparable to the radius of nuclear forces, and at each such point there may be several positive nuclei at once, nuclear fusion reactions take place at these points. These reactions are not due to random frontal collisions of positive particles in a high-temperature plasma, as the modern theory of thermonuclear fusion claims, but due to the ultra-high density of matter at these absolute focus points, and the tunneling effect.   The unintentional realization of uncontrolled nuclear fusion during heating, a mixture of deuterium and tritium, to a temperature of several tens of millions of degrees, led the entire modern theory of plasma and thermonuclear fusion to a hopeless dead end.

     Having received a thermonuclear explosion, with the help of heating thermonuclear fuel, everyone was convinced of the simplest, but in fact, grossly erroneous mechanism of the thermonuclear fusion reaction.

    No one has a shadow of doubt that the synthesis is due to random collisions of particles in high-temperature plasma, with their chaotic thermal motion, and as a result - long, exhausting, unsuccessful and completely hopeless attempts to implement controlled nuclear fusion by heating and holding thermonuclear fuel.                                                                                                    Back in the thirties, (at the dawn of the study of plasma) some scientists (for example, physicist Vlasov)  it was pointed out that gas laws are absolutely not applicable to plasma, because all its particles simultaneously interact with each other through magnetic and electric fields, therefore, the movement of particles in a plasma cannot be considered separately from the field, and the field from the motion. However, self-consistent mathematical problems are not really solved even now, with the help of powerful computers, and this, as it has now become clear, absolutely correct technique has been discarded. The thermonuclear explosions finally discredited the correct idea, put the seal of absolute truth on the primitive (in many places crudely manipulated by experimental facts), the gas kinetic theory of C.T.F., and on the grossly erroneous Lawson condition, and the authors of all this were turned into celestials from science.  Thus, all progress in this very important and complex field of knowledge was frozen and slowed down for decades. 

                               In fact, everything turned out to be much more complicated and much more harmonious. 

Plasma crystallization.

The ultra-high temperature only creates conditions for the formation of multiple plasma focus points. As soon as such points are formed in the plasma, its properties change dramatically. This is no longer chaos, but a strictly organized system of streams (beams) of charged particles with many three-dimensional intersections in three-dimensional space. The particles in these flows, then synchronously (all at the same time) slow down, then synchronously accelerate, while creating the most powerful spherical electric fields, and the most powerful magnetic fields. As a result, the entire space occupied by the plasma turns out to be filled with a complex and very harmonious structure of magnetic and electric fields. See (Fig. 3).

  The electrons move along the selected routes, straying into dense clusters and slowing down at the intersection of these routes, and positive particles make oscillatory radial movements through these clusters of electrons. The main paradox is that, with the general equality of positive and negative particles, there is a constant excess of negative particles in the area of intersections, which cannot be balanced by a positive charge. Positive particles, of course, are attracted by this bunch of electrons, but they cross it at maximum speed (there are practically no direct collisions) and slow down again.

As a result, most of the time, positive particles spend outside the electron cluster and the positive charge is concentrated around the negative cluster, in the form of a positively charged sphere, where positive particles slow down and have a minimum velocity. Negative particles, on the contrary, cross the intersection area at minimum speed and fly through the area of positive spheres at maximum speed.

          With a general quasi-neutrality, the electron clumps tend to be distributed at the maximum distance from each other and evenly throughout the plasma volume. Similarly, charged refractory dust particles behave in well-known dust plasma crystals. There, charged and glowing specks of dust spontaneously line up in ordered structures resembling crystal lattices of a solid, and these structures are perfectly visible to the naked eye.  However, in full-fledged plasma crystals (unlike dust crystals), giant electron currents flow between clumps of negative charges. Currents of tens of thousands of amperes flow from one clot to another, in the form of a stream of electrons, and form the most powerful magnetic fields. In general, such a system of currents is mutually balanced, and does not create a total external magnetic field. But each elementary current flowing into the clot interacts with the currents flowing from the same clot. What comes out of this is clearly seen in (Fig. 3).   Electron fluxes form a rigid three-dimensional framework throughout the volume occupied by the crystalline plasma and turn it into a solid.

      At the same time, the diameter of positive spheres is rigidly related in size to the well-known Debye radius, and the size (radius) of positive spheres, as well as the Debye radius, depends on the density of particles and their energy, and is calculated by the same formula.

     Thus, as soon as the plasma temperature exceeds a certain critical threshold, when: direct collisions between particles become very rare, particle flows will freely penetrate each other, and the forces of magnetic interaction between particles will become significant and comparable to the forces of electrostatic interaction, the plasma will spontaneously split into separate spherical structures. Its structure in this case is very similar to the structure of a solid at the atomic level. Hence the name - plasma crystallization.

 The most amazing thing is that such a plasma completely loses the properties of a gas and acquires the properties of a solid. As a solid, such plasma resists compression, bending and stretching, i.e. retains its original shape. Like an ordinary solid in a vacuum, the crystalline plasma does not expand, but gradually loses particles from the surface, i.e. evaporates.

 Then, the mechanism of a thermonuclear explosion is seen in a completely different way - the thermonuclear fuel heats up, a lot of plasma focus points are formed in it, the nuclear fusion reaction takes place at these points due to the ultrahigh density of matter, and the tunneling effect, and the energy of nuclear fusion goes to increase the energy of electrons and is immediately highlighted.  A ball of crystalline plasma hangs in space, which does not expand, as it should be if it is a clot of chaotic particles, but hangs motionless until most of the thermonuclear fuel trapped in this system burns out, even at the moment of heating and formation of this ordered structure. This explains the fact that the energy of a thermonuclear explosion is released within a few seconds, when the shock wave has already left and nothing holds the heated substance in the epicenter of the explosion. This explains the fact that the actual ignition temperature of a thermonuclear charge is a hundred times less than the calculated one.  Theoretical physicists have long noticed these fundamental contradictions, but there was neither the opportunity nor the desire to challenge the theory after successful tests of thermonuclear charges. Everyone was satisfied with a hastily concocted explanation: about the time of illumination, the tunnel effect and the Maxwell tail. However, if you drop the halo of greatness and infallibility from the fathers of hydrogen bombs, and impartially study their arguments – why does a thermonuclear charge explode at a temperature a hundred times lower than the calculated one???!!!  Then it will become clear that this was an ordinary falsification of the theory, they never understood how what they created and tested works. However, the bombs exploded, the triumph was evident, and every formula written at that time was accepted as the ultimate truth. When they tried to apply these theories in a controlled version (CTF), everything went wrong.  Plasma has not obeyed the far-fetched gas kinetic theory.

 Why TOKAMAK and ITER will never work.

            The guiding star and the foundation of the modern theory of U.T.S., is the Lawson condition. According to this condition, the thermonuclear fuel must be heated to the ignition temperature, and held for some time until the thermonuclear energy is three times higher than the energy spent on heating the fuel.

This famous condition assumes that the plasma, heated to the desired temperature, is held in a hypothetical, sealed vessel. Lawson does not specify how and how to keep such a plasma.

No one knew about tokamaks and magnetized plasma at that time. The creator of this popular formula apparently meant that a kind of sealed box would be created, with walls impervious to this plasma. Apparently, it was assumed that the plasma would behave like an ordinary gas, i.e. electrons and ions would bounce elastically off these walls.

              Let's look at this idea from a critical angle and finally determine the root cause of all failures with controlled nuclear fusion.

      Suppose there is some hypothetical sphere with a diameter of 1 meter, capable of holding any plasma.

Mentally fill it with a mixture of deuterium and tritium with a density of 10^20 pieces per m3, heat it to a temperature of 100 million degrees and we will observe for more than one second (finally, we will fulfill the Lawson condition). Heating will require very little energy .

       According to modern theory (according to the Lawson condition), more energy will be released in such a plasma only after one second than was spent on its initial heating.

        Essentially, by heating up the plasma, we accelerated all its particles by 10 keV and after one second we got the same amount, i.e. 10 keV for each particle.

        Now let's see at what price these 10 keV per particle were obtained.

    The free path length of the particle is about 10,000 meters. The average ion velocity is around 2,000,000 meters per second, and the electron velocity is 60,000,000 meters per second. During this second, each ion will cross our entire hypothetical sphere with a diameter of 1 meter, 2 million times, i.e. 2 million times it must be slowed down and accelerated again to 10 keV.

           Even worse is the case with electrons. Their speed is thirty times more. In the same second, each electron will pass from wall to wall 60 million times, i.e. 60 million times it must be slowed down and accelerated again to 10 keV, by our hypothetical sphere, and then it will receive its 10 keV.

Moreover, 6,000 times each particle must dramatically change direction when approaching another particle, and this is at least a few electron volts for each collision - radiation losses.

         A very depressing picture is emerging. To get 1 watt of thermonuclear power, you need to reflect 60 MW of energy with a loss of no more than 0.3 watts. It turns out that our sphere should have a reflection loss coefficient of about one in a hundred million, and this is without taking into account radiation losses.

 The value is completely unreal in technical terms.  Moreover, there is a direct fundamental prohibition, according to the second law of thermodynamics. And any attempt to create our hypothetical shell with the required reflection coefficient is a hopeless attempt to make a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, in the literal sense of these words.

      As is known from the second principle of thermodynamics, a complete transition of thermal energy into mechanical (or electrical) is impossible, it is limited by the ideal efficiency, which depends on the temperature of the heater and the temperature of the refrigerator, according to the famous Carnot cycle.  In our case, each electron within a second should be slowed down to zero 60 million times and accelerated again, to the original energy, with losses of no more than one 60 millionth.  That is, the thermal energy of the electron flow must be converted into the energy of the electric field, and then back, with the same high efficiency – (0.99999999) eight nines. However, at our temperature (100 million degrees) and the refrigerator temperature of 300 degrees, the ideal efficiency is only five nines 0.99999, instead of the required eight nines 0.99999999, that is, a thousand times less than Mr. Lawson requires.

    Consequently, Lawson's Condition has no physical meaning, because it contradicts the second law of thermodynamics and is a perpetual motion machine of the second kind.

   Simply put, it is impossible to keep the plasma (that is, to keep the energy spent on the initial heating) for a sufficient time in principle, and any attempts to do this are doomed to failure. In other words, it is impossible to obtain a positive energy balance by holding randomly moving charged particles.

 If the particles are reflected using a magnetic field, when the particle does not lose kinetic energy at the moment of reflection from the wall, but is wrapped back by the magnetic field, then 60 million such reversals will be required in one second, and (10 Kev) of energy will be wasted due to braking radiation. At the same time, the braking radiation immediately goes beyond the plasma and cannot be absorbed again.

      Energy losses will always be thousands of times greater, even Lawson's condition requires, and this conclusion is in excellent agreement with experimental results for half a century.

     As a result, we can state with full confidence a stunning FACT - for more than half a century, humanity has been struggling to create a perpetual motion machine, in the form of a thermonuclear reactor.

The international ITER project is completely hopeless and will be a waste of billions of dollars.

 Of course, in a modern tokamak, particles do not bounce off the walls, but move in spirals in a magnetic field. However, even in this case, the losses will always be greater than the energy output, since there is no precise pointing of the particles at each other, and therefore the number of unsuccessful attempts to get the nucleus into the nucleus is too large.  There is not and cannot be a device capable of accelerating an electron 60 million times to 10,000 electron volts with an efficiency of nine nines.

  Controlled nuclear fusion with a positive energy output can be realized only by artificially organizing, with the help of super-powerful permanent electron beams crossed in space, just one point of absolute plasma focus, while taking care of the energy recovery of electron beams.

 THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF A THERMONUCLEAR EXPLOSION .

It is well known that a mixture of deuterium and tritium has an ignition temperature in the region of 40 million degrees, and deuterium 100 million, which corresponds to 4 keV and 10 keV of the average energy of thermal motion of particles. At the same time, the energy required to overcome the potential barrier, when the nuclei approach to the distance of the nuclear forces, is in the region of 400 keV, i.e. 100 times more.

 Let's pay attention to the fact that the energy of the electron beam in a conventional old-style TV leaves 25 keV, i.e. several times more than the energy of particles at the ignition temperature of a thermonuclear explosion.

 When irradiating a target with deuterium content, deuterium or tritium ion beams with an energy of 10 keV or 25 keV, nuclear fusion reactions are not recorded at all. After 25 keV, nuclear reactions are already registered, but very, very rare.

 The modern classical theory explains this contradiction by the fact that with an average particle energy of 4 keV, there are particles with higher energy (Maxwell tail) and a tunneling effect. However, with an average particle energy of 4 keV, there are practically no particles with an energy of 25 keV - the Maxwell tail does not go beyond these limits.

 The tunnel effect should act equally in the case of convergence of nuclei in plasma and in the case of their convergence when firing accelerated particles at a target. In both cases, the nuclei converge due to kinetic energy, and the probabilities of a tunnel transition should be equal. So why is there no reaction at all at the accelerator, and the explosion occurs at the same particle energy?

The conclusion is obvious - synthesis with the help of an accelerator and synthesis with a thermonuclear explosion follow completely different schemes. If in the first case the synthesis is really due to the random and precise hit of the accelerated nucleus into the target nucleus, then, in the second case, the synthesis is due to the formation of points of absolute plasma focus, with the neutron density of particles at these points. The nuclei of atoms do not collide there, but are compressed to the distance of nuclear fusion.

 Calculations were verified, which proved that the low ignition temperature is explained by the tunnel effect (see page 272 "Laws of Physics", author B.N. Ivanov, ed. V.Sh. 1986).

 According to the formulas and numbers, everything is correct there, but accidentally or intentionally, gross logical errors were made and the correct formulas gave a completely wrong result. The calculation is carried out according to the following logic:

1) It is determined that the plasma obeys gas laws and the Maxwell law of particle velocity distribution is adopted;

 2) The number of particles with a velocity greater than the average is determined - 20% is obtained (the Maxwell tail is clearly too short);

 3) The probability of a tunnel transition is calculated for particles approaching at an average speed - it turns out that one of several tens of thousands of particles tunnels.

Well, then a logical error begins, or a fraud!!!

 4) For example, a plasma of 1 cubic meter with a density of 10^19 1 / m3 is taken, and the number of particles involved in the nuclear reaction is determined due to the tunneling effect. To do this, the total number of particles is multiplied by the percentage of particles having sufficient velocities and multiplied again by the probability of a tunnel transition at these velocities – it turns out that 10^14 particles participate in a nuclear reaction.

  The error is that the calculated probability of a tunnel transition will occur only in the case of a direct frontal approach of particles, i.e. with a zero aiming parameter. According to the logic of this calculation, it turns out that all plasma particles, for unknown reasons, are moving exactly towards each other all the time (with zero aiming parameter) and at each moment 10^14 particles are ready to tunnel. The unreality and absurdity of such logic is obvious.

 At the specified plasma density, the probability of an event when two particles flew exactly towards each other is extremely small, since the sighting parameter of this event is even smaller than the distance of the nuclear reaction. Each particle must fly millions of kilometers, billions of times to cross the entire volume of plasma. It will take a few seconds of time, and only then will the conditions for a tunnel transition arise, the probability of which is only one in several tens of thousands.

 Therefore, in order for the desired tunnel transition to take place, it is necessary to wait until the particle experiences several tens of thousands of happy encounters with a zero sighting parameter, and it will take a hundred thousand seconds or several days to wait for this event. And all this time the plasma needs to be kept. What kind of explosion can we talk about here. Even if you increase the density of particles to the density of a solid body, there is no explosion. The particles will simply fly apart without getting a noticeable opportunity to tunnel.

 The tunneling effect also manifests itself on accelerators - for this reason, barely noticeable nuclear reactions begin already at 30 keV, but these are very rare events and they are clearly not capable of significantly affecting the beginning of a thermonuclear explosion.

 The conclusion is obvious - the tunnel effect and the Maxwell tail cannot be the cause of the ignition of an uncontrolled thermonuclear reaction at a temperature of 40 million degrees, as modern theory claims, and therefore, even the thermonuclear explosion cannot be explained by modern plasma theory.

 This is a good example of incorrect use of calculations, or deliberate fitting of theory to experimental data.

Newsreel analysis of the thermonuclear explosion H BOMB

    On the documentary video of the thermonuclear explosion "HBOMB", the plasma crystal has been flaunting for more than a dozen years. The paradox is that this is a direct experimental confirmation of the new plasma theory, which reveals the most fantastic technologies vital to all mankind, constantly flashes on TV screens around the world, but remains unnoticed and misunderstood.

(Fig. 1.) shows several frames from this popular video, with an interval of about one second.

 It is well known that the duration of the glow in the epicenter of a thermonuclear explosion lasts several seconds (up to 20 seconds). For the same few seconds, a powerful stream of neutron radiation (penetrating radiation) comes from the epicenter of a thermonuclear explosion. At the same time, the greater the power of the explosion, the longer the glow lasts and the longer the neutron flux takes. All this clearly indicates that intensive nuclear fusion is going on all this time, but not microseconds, as the modern theory claims. There is a gigantic (millions of times) discrepancy between theories and experiment. Further, it is even more interesting – for all 8 seconds (for an explosion, this is a gigantic time), the diameter of the luminous hemisphere increased by no more than (20%), and it is clear that the clear boundary of this hemisphere is not a shock wave.  What kind of force keeps the incandescent plasma so reliably and steadily within the strictly delineated boundaries of the hemisphere, modern theory, not that it can explain, cannot hint!!!   Moreover, the above frames show very clearly that the internal structure of the plasma hemisphere has a highly uneven structure, which is not at all like a bubble uniformly filled with incandescent gas. Judging by the glow, the release of thermonuclear energy is also very uneven.

There are bright spots, and there are vast darkened areas. It is easy to understand that nuclear fusion takes place in these luminous points, and this one hundred percent coincides with the new theory.

Even more surprising is the fact that the internal structure of the plasma hemisphere, for all 8 seconds, does not change at all, and the question arises that can immediately send the gas–kinetic theory of plasma to the landfill - if plasma is at least a little gas, then why is there no hint of pressure and density equalization during all 8 seconds. Where is the Maxwellian velocity distribution, where is statistical physics, and other gas-kinetic and hydrodynamic models.

   What is visible in these frames is a strictly ordered system of charged particle flows that interacts with its own magnetic and electric fields. This is the same self-consistent mathematical problem that 70 years ago they could not solve and now they cannot, but the logic of this process is clear.

    As is known, during an atomic explosion, the heating of a thermonuclear charge (T1) is due to X-ray radiation and, first of all, the electrons are heated intensively.  (See Fig. 2)

 At the first moment (T2), electrons heated to a gigantic temperature are held in this area by an electrostatic field from heavy and slow positive ions, which can not keep up with them, and as an anchor for some time they keep a swarm of light and heated electrons from scattering.

A ball capacitor is formed for a short time.

Each electron manages to make thousands of attempts to leave the clot of heavy ions, but each time it falls back, under the influence of an electrostatic field. As long as the electrons fly out evenly and return back evenly, there are no magnetic fields. However, such a situation is completely unstable and the slightest fluctuation will lead to a very rapid and avalanche-like separation of the electron flow into outgoing and incoming jets. Instability begins its creative work.

          Incoming and outgoing flows form closed trajectories of electrons, twisted into a dense tangle, that is, a constant current is formed flowing along a closed trajectory. This trajectory is closed to itself, but twisted into a chaotic and dense tangle. Over time and very quickly, this current increases, due to all the new electrons that enter synchronous trajectories. It is at this moment that crystallization takes place, and a powerful electromagnetic pulse is formed. Part of the plasma energy goes to the formation of the most powerful magnetic fields, and the rapid increase in the magnetic field induces electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic pulse).

  As soon as the current in this tangle reached a maximum (T3), that is, all the electrons occupied synchronous and stable trajectories, the entire electronic component was in a reliable magnetic trap formed by its own magnetic field.   Now the law of electromagnetic induction does not allow changing the established order of electronic flows, and the entire system of the most powerful electronic currents turns out to be frozen into space and preserved.  Now any attempt to dramatically change the intensity, shape or direction of the electron flow will be reliably suppressed by the induced electric field.  This explains the fact that for all eight seconds, in the epicenter of a thermonuclear explosion, there is a certain, absolutely stable structure.

The fact that this structure is not strictly symmetrical is explained by the fact that even at the beginning of formation, the electron flows were distorted by external random factors: contact with the elements of the charge structure, with the earth's surface, with a metal truss, etc. However, once formed, they already tend to retain their original shape.

            After the electronic component is trapped in its own magnetic trap, the plasma acquires all the signs of a solid body and holds itself. The most powerful streams of electrons, twisted into a tight ball, with numerous points of mutual intersection, serve as a rigid framework, and reliably preserve the shape of the plasma that was formed at the first moment.

  After a while, the ions will fill the entire volume occupied by the electronic component, and even try to go beyond it (T4).   All this happens at the first moment and very quickly, then the events proceed slowly and calmly. The ionic component weakly interacts with the magnetic field, since the ions are much heavier and move at lower speeds.

   If you look at the above frames again, you will notice that the luminous hemisphere has a very sharp and clear outer surface. This surface is formed by an ionic component. At high speed, positive ions try to jump out of the luminous hemisphere, but are slowed down by an electric field, slow down and return back. It is the positive particles that come into contact with the atmosphere and with the surface of the earth, but at the moment of contact with the external environment their velocity is close to zero, that is, they cannot significantly warm up those objects that are in direct contact with the surface of the glowing ball. Simply put, the surface of the luminous hemisphere is cold.  The tangle of electronic currents is surrounded on all sides by a layer of thermal insulation made of ions and does not contact the outside world at all, and the ions come into contact on the fly – cooled down.

 By the way, ball lightning also interacts with the surrounding world in the same way, its surface temperature is close to absolute zero, that is, only ions slowed down to zero speed (cooled down on the fly) interact with the atmosphere, but if you pierce this layer of ion insulation, then a ball lightning explosion will occur.

        The fact that energy escapes from the epicenter of a thermonuclear explosion mainly due to electromagnetic radiation (energy flashing) has long been a well-known experimental fact, but why a clot heated to a gigantic temperature of matter has such a calm and clear boundary with the atmosphere, and even for 8 seconds, can only be explained by the theory of crystalline plasma.

The effect of a double flash in thermonuclear explosions fits very well into the new theory.

The first flash is heating up due to a chain reaction of fission. Immediately begins the formation of an electronic tangle and the generation of an electromagnetic pulse. The end of the electromagnetic pulse means that the transients are completed, that is, the electron current has reached its maximum and the plasma crystal is fully formed. At this moment, the glow almost stops, but after a while (after about one microsecond) neutron density points are formed, a nuclear fusion reaction begins in them, and the glow increases dramatically. The glow lasts until most of the thermonuclear fuel captured by the general round dance burns out, even at the time of the formation of electronic flows.

 Formation of neutron density points.

After the crystallization is completed, the plasma begins the process of forming points of extremely high density of matter. Very simple initial conditions are needed for their formation.

1) there should be no frequent paired collisions between particles in the plasma.

2) There should be powerful counter electron flows in the plasma.

 The form of counter flows can be any. It can be two oncoming flows, one radially converging, several separate flows going to one point, or many flows directed to a common center (implosion). In all cases, points will be formed, but their structure will accurately reflect the structure and shape of the flows that generated them.  For simplicity (Fig. 3, Fig. 3.1)) shows the structure of focus points (neutron points) formed using 4 equal streams crossed with each other. For simplicity of the image, a two-dimensional drawing is given.

 The radius of each cell is always equal to the Debye radius for a given plasma, it also depends on the density and energy of particles (electrons).

 Each cell contains 4 electron beams and the same number come out of it, but these outgoing beams immediately become part of neighboring cells and so on. It is clearly seen that these elementary currents,

4 crossed and combined common currents are formed, which do not create a total external magnetic field. However, there is a magnetic field in each cell. The entire volume occupied by this plasma is embroidered with a very harmonious and very strong magnetic field. If we consider that at a plasma density (1.0 E + 20 pieces per cubic meter) and a temperature of 100 million degrees, the cell diameter (Debye radius) is about 100 microns, and the current flowing into it is 10,000 amperes, then the magnetic field strength at the cell surface reaches a very decent value (1.0E +8) a/ m, and as it approaches the center, it grows rapidly - inversely proportional to the distance to this center and the diameter of the beam.

 Each elementary current is surrounded by its own magnetic field and a field from three counter elementary currents that coincide and sum up with its field.

Moreover, this magnetic field has a maximum intensity on the surface of each elementary current, but decreases to zero in the center of the same elementary current. As a result, a very harmonious system of hollow tubes made of a magnetic field is obtained, which expand at the cell boundary and narrow to an infinitesimal diameter as they approach the center of the cell.

 Figure 3.1 shows the structure of the electrostatic field. Its shape resembles a ball matryoshka or a multilayer ball capacitor, in which the diameter of spherical electrodes decreases inversely proportional to the distance to the center, but the potential between the plates remains stable and equal. With an electron energy of 1 million electron volts and a cell radius of 100 micrometers, the electric field strength on the surface of the same cell reaches a gigantic value of 1.0E + 10 volts per meter. In general, the system is electrically neutral.

     Unfortunately, a two-dimensional drawing does not allow you to fully show the beauty of this magnetic field pattern. And the fact that this whole complex system is formed spontaneously is amazing.

At the tips of magnetic tubes, the magnetic field strength reaches gigantic, intracellular values, and naturally it cannot reach the maximum instantly - induction interferes. This process lasts approximately one millionth of a second. This is the delay time between the heating of the thermonuclear fuel and the start of the synthesis reaction.  Such a delay was noticed even during the first tests.

  It is very important to note that electrons cannot pass through the center of the cell without changing directions, and if you follow the trajectory of an individual electron, a random, broken trajectory will come out, the break points of which will coincide with the centers of the cells.  This is due to the fact that an electron can come arbitrarily close to the center of the cell, but it cannot overcome this center and continue moving in a straight line.  Moving along the incoming magnetic tube, the electron flies up to the center, slows down in the electrostatic field and is thrown back by the same field. But he can no longer move in the opposite direction through the same magnetic tube. The magnetic field of the incoming tube will immediately push it out and it will inevitably be trapped in one of the three output tubes (there are two such tubes in the flat drawing). As a result, a certain paradox comes out - electrons in a crystalline plasma move along a broken and random trajectory, bouncing elastically from the centers of cells, but the electron currents formed by them have a strictly ordered, stable structure.  

The rebound of an electron from the center of the cell, only at first glance, is random, in fact it is a very subtle and precise system of homing the incoming flow of electrons to the absolute center of the cell.

 This system works as follows.  See (Fig. 4) If the tip of the incoming magnetic tube is directed exactly to the center, then all the electrons that go through this tube will be divided into three equal parts when bouncing and go through the three outgoing tubes.  But if the tip is shifted from the center, then the rebound of electrons will no longer be divided into equal parts. There will be a redistribution in the outgoing flows and the magnetic field will increase from the side where the axis of the incoming flow is shifted. The resulting distortion in the magnetic field will correct the error and direct the incoming flow exactly to the target.

. M10B1 and M10B2 show the case when several beams are directed to one point from all sides. The scattering charge, in this case, is formed spontaneously from delayed electrons. Each beam, under the influence of the above-described regularity, tends to correct the direction of its movement so as to move more accurately to the center of the system, and this leads to spontaneous centering of the formed volumetric negative charge.

        At the first moment of time T1 (See Fig. 6), negative volume charges from inhibited electrons form and hang motionless in the cells. The figure shows one of the cells at different points in time. At time (T1), a spherical volume charge appears in the cell (the first stage of electron compression).  Its electric potential is approximately equal to the initial kinetic energy of the electrons, and this equality is formed by means of a magnetic field that counteracts the forces of electrostatic repulsion in the beam, and all the time tends to direct (tuck) the kinetic energy vector of each electron to meet the electrostatic braking force, and thus forces the electrons to completely expend their kinetic energy. The greater the current, the stronger this effect (MHD braking).              (See Figure 5)

   However, it is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that in this volumetric charge there are seals in those places where electron flows come into contact with it. These seals are formed by a magnetic field. Two forces act simultaneously on the electrons flying to the center of the cell. One is magnetic, which presses the flow of electrons to its own axis, the other is electric, which slows down the entire flow. At the first stage, when the electrons have a maximum velocity, the magnetic force acts as a collecting lens. At the second stage, when the electron velocity is minimal, the main role is played by the force of electrostatic repulsion and a scattering lens is formed. As a result, it turns out that the volume charge formed by these flows has electrostatic scattering lenses evenly located on the surface, located strictly in the center of the magnetic tubes. For electrons, these are scattering lenses, but for ions, these are electrostatic collecting lenses.

 Of course, ions react to a negative volume charge. From all sides, positive particles with acceleration begin to move towards the negative charge, which hangs motionless in the center of the cell. Having reached it, they gain kinetic energy equal to its potential, and therefore energy equal to the initial energy of electrons. At the maximum speed, the ions pass through the electrostatic collecting lenses and continue moving towards the center already by inertia and are intensively inhibited by their own volumetric charge.. After passing about half of the remaining distance to the center, the moment of time (T2), the ions will almost completely lose speed and form a volumetric positive charge there (the first stage of ion compression).  Its potential will be equal to, their (ions)the maximum kinetic energy, and therefore will be equal to both the maximum electron energy and the potential of the first negative volume charge. At the same time, the resulting positive electric charge will be much smaller than the first negative volumetric charge, and therefore will not be able to compensate for it. Thus, at time T2, a ball capacitor is formed in the cell, charged to a voltage equal to the kinetic energy of the part expressed in electron volts. Ions move much slower than electrons, and therefore, as soon as the first positive charge appears, the electrons immediately change their trajectories, and a system (T3) is formed. Now the electrons slow down on the first negative sphere, but they do not bounce off it, but with acceleration they continue to move even closer to the center of the cell. At maximum speed, they enter the first positive sphere, pass another half of the remaining path to the center, and form a second negative volumetric charge (the second stage of electron compression).                                                                                                                                                                    In shape, it is an exact copy of the first, and has a similar set of electrostatic lenses, its potential is the same, but the radius is 4 times smaller than the radius of the first negative, and the electric field strength on its surface is 4 times higher. At the same 4 times, it has a high intensity and a magnetic field surrounding this new charge. It is very important that with the formation of the second negative charge, a new, even smaller, but much more intense structure of magnetic fields was formed. The magnetic tubes seemed to stretch out to the center and sharpened. The electrons still bounce off the center of the cell, but they approach this center by a much smaller (4 times) distance. At the moment of time (T4), a second positive volumetric charge is formed (the second stage of ion compression).                                                                                                                                               Its size is even smaller than the new ball of electrons, and the electric field strength is doubled again. Then all this is repeated many times and spontaneously. Step by step, the streams of charged particles approach the absolute center of the cell. With each step, hollow magnetic tubes are sharpened and lengthened. With each step, new, smaller, volumetric charges are formed. The intensity of magnetic and electric fields is rapidly increasing. Each time, a new, even shorter-focus set of electrostatic lenses is formed, located even closer to the absolute center. At the same time, a set of scattering lenses alternates with a set of collecting lenses. Eventually, in the center of the crystal plasma cell, a focus point is formed, the size of an atomic nucleus, and through it pass: an electron current of tens of thousands of amperes, and an ion current of hundreds of amperes, simultaneously. Accordingly, at each moment of time, there are several ions and several electrons at this point. How they will behave there, no one can say. No accelerator can collide several ions at once, and even mixed with electrons. This requires fundamentally different devices.

Spontaneous alignment of the elementary current system.

   The flows of electrons and ions entering the crystal plasma cell do not have an initial exact direction but a neutron point. Flying into the next cell of the crystalline plasma, each particle carries with it a whole set of all possible errors, in vector, and in speed. Particle flows have an even larger set of errors. For example, the flow of electrons going to the center may have a non–zero total moment of rotation, and if this moment is not removed, then when the flow narrows, its promotion will occur.  In other words, electrons moving along a magnetic tube can simultaneously rotate around the central axis of this tube.                                                                                                        

    However, when studying this problem, it turned out that there is a mechanism for equalizing the moment of rotation between electrons moving along a common magnetic tube, that is, the moments of rotation of all electrons in one tube are spontaneously aligned, and the total total moment of rotation is transmitted through a common magnetic field to neighboring outgoing electron flows. In this case, the exchange of the total momentum of rotation occurs constantly, as the electron flow approaches the point of absolute focus. 

 When studying many other errors, a very important general pattern emerged – all possible errors and errors carried by particles going to the center of the cell are given over to particles coming out of the same absolute center.

 Figuratively speaking, the particles moving towards the center, as it were, find out from the oncoming parts where this center is, and correct (clarify) their trajectory. This dialogue is especially intense in the area of electrostatic lenses located at the same compression stage (in a common orbit).

 Figure 8 shows the structure of the distribution of electrostatic bulk charges in a crystal plasma cell. Positive volumetric charges are highlighted in red, and negative ones in blue. The figure clearly shows that in the first orbit (at an equal distance from the center), 8 electron bunches are evenly spaced - 4 are formed by incoming electron flows, 4 more are formed by outgoing ones. In the flat drawing, only 6 blobs are visible (3 incoming and 3 outgoing).                                                   These clumps consist of moving electrons, but they hang motionless in space and interact with each other as solid bodies, that is, they spontaneously tend to be evenly distributed over their sphere (along orbit No. 1). One of the mechanisms of automatic beam reduction, and works by using the tendency of the charge to fill the sphere evenly.  If, for example, one of the incoming streams is directed slightly past the center, then the clot that it forms will shift slightly along sphere No. 1, and will shift slightly the near outgoing beam to which it is mistakenly displaced. As a result of this interaction, the incoming flow will go to the center more accurately, and the outgoing flow will deviate in the other direction and forget the exact direction to the center. The error energy will be exchanged. See (Fig. 9).

In the end, all charges will react to a slight shift from the center of the flow No. 2, their displacement will occur, a small general distortion of their total electric field will occur.  This precos and will direct flow No. 2 to the common center. The clumps of electrons will remain in this slightly skewed state while a stream of electrons with an error vector will fly into this cell.  As we approach the center, many more similar acts of direction refinement will occur (at each compression cycle). The closer to the center this exchange takes place, the more precisely the direction is determined. The multi-step nature of the process ensures fantastic accuracy of this mechanism.

Figure 10 shows two more mechanisms for transmitting errors from incoming flows to outgoing ones. In the first case, current #2 has a current greater than the others. Then, at the moment of stopping in the first orbit, its excess volume charge will transfer to the nearest outgoing streams. This additional current will not pass to the center, but will be thrown back, along with the outgoing flows, and will be divided into three parts.  Outgoing flows (in the flat picture, these are the first and third) will take these surpluses and enter neighboring cells with them. There they will be divided again, in the same way (into three parts) between other threads and so on. Thus, the excess current will be divided into an infinite number of parts and will be evenly distributed throughout all cells of the crystalline plasma.  How the total torque of rotation is transmitted is clearly visible and without explanation.

Spherical symmetry and the cone of equilibrium.

  Figure (11) shows two variants of the organization of converging electron flows.

Option (a) – electron flows evenly fill the ball, and there is no gap between the leading and outgoing flows. In this case, the electrostatic field has a central symmetry and an electric force directed strictly along the radius acts on each electron.  At the same time, the electrons are affected by the force from their own magnetic field. Each electron stream creates its own magnetic field, which tends to press its own electrons to the centerline. On the axial lines of the flows, the magnetic field is zero, but as it approaches the periphery of the flow, it increases and reaches a maximum on the surface. At the same time, the intensity of the magnetic fields synchronously and rapidly increases as they approach the center, that is, as the flows narrow. It is clear that in this variant, the magnetic forces remain uncompensated, and under their action, the flows will narrow. It is important to note the fact that the farther the electron is from the centerline of the beam, the stronger the magnetic field, and the steeper its trajectory will bend, and this is the main law of the collecting lens.

Fig. (11b) shows a variant when the solid angle of the electron beams is selected so that the magnetic compression forces are balanced by a transverse electrostatic force. In this case, only the braking force for incoming beams and the acceleration force for outgoing beams will act on the electrons. It is important to note that the transverse electrostatic force will be zero on the axial lines, will increase to the surface of the beams and as it approaches the center, that is, its shape completely coincides with the shape of the forces from the magnetic field. With the right solid angle of the flows, the magnetic forces are evenly compensated throughout the entire volume of the beams. In a real situation, converging electron beams search for this equilibrium angle spontaneously. If this angle becomes larger, then magnetic forces squeeze it, but if it is smaller, then electrostatic forces inflate the particle beam .

Thus, the converging flows are automatically guided to the common center and their solid angle of narrowing is automatically selected. If we consider the current structure of the fields from the point of view of a single moving charged particle, then this is a system of collecting and scattering lenses tuned to a common center.   (See Fig. 8) The trajectories of ions are shown in red. 

There are a lot of such automatic self-adjusting systems in plasma crystals, and there are very complex ones. For example, there is a system operating on the braking radiation of particles, when a charged particle that has violated the general order, resets the error energy in the form of braking radiation, thanks to this it returns to the general system and ceases to emit. There is no way to study all these systems in detail and quickly. They are also infinitely diverse and complex, like plasma instability.   However, all these systems solve one single problem - they ensure that all charged particles fall into the common absolute center of the cell, with an accuracy the size of an atomic nucleus.  All of them are formed spontaneously, do not require any external adjustment and adjustment. In order for them to appear and work, it is only necessary to create the simplest initial conditions – to organize powerful counter electronic flows in the plasma. Therefore, there is no need to describe in detail and prove how all these complex systems of auto-guidance and autofocus are formed and work. Firstly, it is simply impossible, and secondly, it is not necessary.  There is a great deal of indirect and direct evidence that neutron density points exist. What initial conditions are needed is now known for sure, and they can be organized in laboratory conditions.

Conditions for the formation of a neutron density point.

 The principle of spherical symmetry of converging flows of charged particles shown above is the main condition for the spontaneous formation of a neutron focus point, but there are additional conditions. Firstly, the energy of electronic farts is not enough to form a neutron dot on the first attempt. Their own volumetric charge will stop them and throw them back, even halfway to the absolute center. Therefore, the area where the electron beams meet should be filled with a balancing charge of positive particles (ions).                                                                                   The second condition is that there should be no frequent direct collisions between particles. This condition can be fulfilled due to the high temperature of the plasma, or in the crystal lattice of a solid.        The third additional condition is that the strength of the converging currents must exceed a certain critical threshold of several thousand amperes. 

All these conditions can be formed by simply heating the substance to a critical temperature. Then converging (counter) electron flows and all additional conditions will form spontaneously and inevitably. This principle is implemented in thermonuclear explosions.

However, all the necessary conditions can be organized artificially. For example, it is possible not to bring the temperature to critical, but to organize all third-party compression (implosion) of the thermonuclear charge and neutron density points will form at a much lower temperature. This principle is also implemented in thermonuclear explosions. It is possible to bombard a low-temperature plasma with a radially converging flow of electrons. This option is implemented in "Plasma Focus" installations. The case when a low-temperature plasma is fired by an electron stream of very high power and neutron dots are formed due to this has a lot of practically implemented examples:

1) Rosary lightning – an electron beam formed at the moment of the main current breakage passes through a positive thunderstorm cloud and forms a chain of neutron dots (rosaries).

      2) In Urutskoev's experiments http://model.exponenta.ru/transmutation/0007.htm at the moment 

             after melting the wire and breaking the current, powerful electron flows are formed going through  

             low-temperature plasma (foil melting zone).

 3) In the experiments of Rusi Taleyarkhan http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1181360 at the moment

              collapsing bubbles form electron flows going to the common center.

There are at least two known cases when neutron dots are formed in the crystal lattice of a solid body: This is a well-known experiment with neutron radiation during the electrolysis of heavy water, and experiments on the Proton 21 installation http://www.proton21.com.ua/about.html

 The mechanism of transfer of nuclear fusion energy to electrons.

Nuclear fusion reactions take place in the center of an electrically neutral bunch of electrons and ions of fantastic density. The energy of nuclear fusion is released in the form of kinetic energy of neutrons and positively charged nuclei. However, the density of particles surrounding the reaction zone is prohibitively high (neutron density), and all particles move there along strictly defined trajectories (super fluidity and super conductivity). Therefore, any charged particle that tries to leave the reaction zone, along an unauthorized trajectory and at an unresolved speed, will experience the full power of the response from the ordered system of particles surrounding the reaction zone, and will be intensively inhibited, transferring its kinetic energy to the entire dance of particles. Yes, neutral neutrons, leaving the reaction zone, will experience many collisions with ions, and will lose most of the kinetic energy. A clot of particles in this case will play the role of a moderator. Given that the strand in the system is supported by electrons, it is the electronic component that will absorb the excess energy. The mechanism of capturing excess energy by electrons is as follows: Electrons and ions enter the reaction zone and exit it with equal energy. However, with equal energy, electrons have about the speed of light, and ions have a speed much less. Consequently, to leave the reaction zone and not violate its quasi-neutrality, and electrons and ions have the right to enter at the same speed as they entered. Any attempt by the ionic component to leave the reaction zone at an increased rate will lead to the formation of an excess of electrons at this point. The electric field formed in this case will begin to intensively push out electrons and slow down the departing ions. However, the speed of the outgoing electrons is already about light, and no matter how hard the outgoing heated and heavy ions try to pull the electrons with them, their rate of exit from the reaction zone can no longer increase (gaining energy, the electrons only get heavier), but the ions themselves are intensively inhibited, that is, they lose both speed and energy. Thus, any release of energy at the point of neutron density will lead to the appearance of an excessive negative charge, which will slow down the departure of the positive parts and weigh down the outgoing relativistic electrons. Consequently, the energy from the positive component will be transferred to the electrons.  It is this relativistic mechanism that makes it possible to create a reactor with a direct conversion of nuclear fusion energy into electrical energy.

 PLASMA FOCUS EFFECT

 at the very beginning of the research, when conducting experiments with self-compressible discharges, N.V. Filippov discovered an effect called "Plasma focus" (see p. 43, author G.S. Voronov, ed. Science, "Storming the thermonuclear fortress").

 A random change in the shape of the electrodes of the simplest gas-discharge tube gave an unexpected result - the number of neutrons increased millions of times (reaches the value of 10^12 neutrons per pulse), and the pulses themselves began to turn out stably, in each discharge.

The power of the thermonuclear reaction in a pulse reaches 100 MW and it goes at a small point of a fraction of a millimeter in size. To date, such installations are being built and used as powerful, point, pulsed sources of neutron radiation.

 Modern theory explains this phenomenon by the fact that, due to the shape of the electrodes, at the moment of electric discharge, particle flows are formed directed from all sides to one point, like light rays to the point of optical focus - hence the name "Plasma focus".

 Let's make a simple calculation.

 Given:

 T = 0.000000001 sec - discharge time

 N = 10^12 number of neutrons per pulse

 I = 1000000 A - discharge current

 D = 10^-30 m2 - effective cross-section of the nuclear reaction

 DF = 0.001 m is the diameter of the focus point

 We find the equivalent current of the ions that have reacted. The number of neutrons is approximately equal to twice the number of deuterium ions that have reacted, and, therefore, the number of neutrons must be divided by the discharge time and multiplied by two.

 I P = 2N / T = 10 A - reaction ion current

 Thus, the current of the ions that have reacted lies in the region of 10 A

 We find the total current of ions that have passed the focus point for the entire discharge time. It is impossible to determine exactly, but it will be at least a hundred times less than the total current, because electrons are a thousand times lighter, therefore, they gain speed faster. Consequently, the ionic current lies in the region of 10000 amperes, i.e. 100 times less than the electronic one.

 I O = I / 100 = 10000 A - total ion current

 We find the reaction coefficient.

 k = I O / I P = 10000 / 10 = 1000 - reaction coefficient

 It turns out that every thousandth deuterium ion that passes the focus point reacts.

 Let's determine the necessary ion density at this point with a diameter of one millimeter. The area of the effective cross–section of the reaction is 10^ -30 m2.

 The projection area of a point in one millimeter is 10^ -6 m2. Consequently, at this point with a diameter of one millimeter, 10^24 particles must be located simultaneously in order to ensure a given reaction intensity (k is the reaction coefficient). The density of particles at the plasma focus point, in this case, should be 10^33 1/m3, which is 100 thousand times more than the density of a solid.

  Isn't the density too high for randomly combined beams, without any adjustment and alignment of the shape of the electrodes?

    All attempts to get something like this forcibly, firing micro-targets from all sides with laser beams, were unsuccessful. At the same time, the firing system of this target was specially designed and tuned for a long time, and here, without any preparation, adjustment, adjustment, only due to the randomly and roughly guessed shape of the electrodes - on the first attempt – a powerful and stable nuclear reaction.  Any arguments about gas-kinetic collisions of plasma flows are unconvincing. At this temperature, the oncoming streams of particles will not even notice each other. The free path length of their particles is so great. Only spontaneous formation of information and autofocus systems can explain "Plasma focus".

Hence "Plasma focus", direct experimental confirmation of spontaneous autofocus of converging streams of charged particles.

 EXPLANATION OF THE PLASMA FOCUS

 The plasma focus effect exists, intense nuclear reactions are underway, and a peak power of 100 MW (at a point with a diameter of 1 millimeter) is achieved without any adjustment and adjustment of the system.

 If we assume that there is an effect of spontaneous autofocus of converging streams of charged particles, then everything is well explained and events, in this case, develop according to the following scheme.

 Initially, due to the shape of the electrodes, a radially converging flow of electrons is formed coming from all sides to the focus point. This leads to the fact that an excessive negative charge appears at this point. The electrons approaching the point slow down, this further increases their volumetric charge and the electrons are slowed down even more intensively. Events are developing avalanche-like and very quickly. The converging flow of electrons, as it were, bumps into its own volumetric charge. The situation resembles a traffic jam at a road intersection, only the intersection is three-dimensional, and instead of cars, electrons flying through the focus point.

 As a result, a volumetric negative charge hangs at the focus point and its potential is such that most of the electrons flying to this point from all sides cannot overcome it, are reflected in the opposite direction and scattered.

 A constant spherical electric field is formed, hanging motionless at the point of focus, formed by a bunch of slowed down (inhibited) electrons. It is quite obvious that the dimensions of this field will correspond to the Debye radius, and its potential will be equal to the average kinetic energy of the electrons that formed it, that is, there will be a spontaneous, extremely possible violation of quasi-neutrality (complete separation of charges) in this area. Streams of electrons are reflected from it and scattered in all directions. However, if the electron current is strong enough (about 10,000 A), then the magnetic field created by it will not allow the reflected electrons to scatter in all directions, but will form two outgoing beams from them (see M2B1).

 Let's pay attention to a very important point - the electrons will leave the plasma focus point in the form of two beams directed in different directions (up and down on the monitor screen). Leaving this point, the electrons will accelerate and leave it with the initial energy, that is, elastic reflection will occur. A radially converging flow and two outgoing cone flows form a symmetrical ball. As it approaches the center, the radial flow flattens, and the two outgoing electron flows expand as it moves away from the center.

 This spherical symmetry leads to the fact that the compression force of the beams in its own magnetic field is not compensated by the force of electrostatic repulsion, as it happens in a parallel beam. And this is the most important feature.

It is thanks to the spherical symmetry that the radially converging flow, under the influence of a magnetic field, is flattened (thinned), and the outgoing electrons are clamped into two beams. It can be noted that this is a well-known mechanism of plasma instability of the "overstretch" type, when an accidental narrowing of the plasma cord leads to an increase in the magnetic field in the same place and to a further narrowing of the cord diameter to a current break.

In the above example, as the radially converging flow approaches the center and flattens, the magnetic field also increases, but the electrons, in this case, are intensively inhibited by their own electrostatic field and, at a certain moment, when their velocity decreases to a minimum, the force of electrostatic repulsion will exceed the force of magnetic compression. Then, under the influence of an electrostatic field, the electrons scatter in all directions and accelerate again. But, as their speed increases, the magnetic force that collects them into bundles also increases. In whatever direction the electron tries to escape from the central point, the magnetic field will direct it into one of the outgoing beams and will not allow it to move towards the converging flow.

 If we assume that the radially converging electron flow is slightly conical (see ), then one outgoing beam will be slightly stronger in current, and this difference will be established spontaneously, that is, automatically. The pattern is quite obvious - the larger the taper of the converging flow, the stronger the difference in the current of the outgoing beams.

 This behavior of the beams leads to another unique feature - the formed negative charge spontaneously, that is, automatically, tends to an ideal spherical shape. The taper of the converging electron flow that has arisen, for some reason, spontaneously straightens out. A more powerful outgoing beam creates a more powerful magnetic field, which presses the incoming flow to the center of the focus point, that is, straightens the unnecessary taper, and this leads to the fact that the lines of force of the bulk charge are directed to the focus point more accurately than the particles that formed this charge.

 Such a structure could exist indefinitely - as long as there is a source of electrons. But, over time, positive heavy particles begin to react to a powerful electric negative field. The lines of force of the negative volume charge are directed approximately to the center of the focus point, that is, to a point significantly (ten times) smaller in size than the plasma focus point itself. Consequently, a stream of heavy positive ions rushes to this smaller point from all sides with acceleration (see M5B1). The probability of a direct collision between the particles is negligible and, having reached the negative cloud, where the intensity of the negative field begins to decrease sharply, the positive ions stop accelerating, but by this time they have time to gain energy equal to the potential of the accelerating field. There is a kind of energy exchange between the flow of electrons and the flow of ions. Electrons, having reached the point of focus, slow down to almost zero, and heavy positive ions, flying up to the same point, accelerate to maximum energy, i.e. to the initial energy of electrons. We can say that the electrons cool down, giving their energy to the ions, and the ions heat up, due to the initial energy of the electrons. It seems that this contradicts all the laws of physics - how can energy flow from a cold body to a heated one?

 The reason is that there are no frequent direct collisions between particles and the classical laws of heat transfer from a heated body to a cold one cease to apply. The particles begin to interact through a collective electric field. At the same time, each individual particle simultaneously interacts with all the others that are within the Debye radius.

In the case under consideration, electrons are inhibited and transfer their kinetic energy to an electric field, and positive particles accelerate, taking energy from the same field and energy transfer occurs without direct contact between the particles.

 Consequently, positive particles will skip the center of the system at maximum speed and slow down again at the periphery. As a result, a system will be formed that is well understood on the monitor screen. The negative charge is concentrated in the center, and the positive charge is concentrated on the periphery, in the form of a positively charged sphere. Electrons skip the positive sphere at maximum speed and slow down in the center, positive particles skip the center at maximum speed and are reflected from the positive sphere at minimum speed. In general, the system is electrically neutral. It can be noticed that the maximum energy of positive particles will be close to the initial energy of electrons, but not equal to it. The positive charge will tend to be evenly distributed over the positive sphere. Such a system can exist indefinitely as long as there is a converging flow of electrons.

 However, most of the positive particles will not be able to overcome their own volumetric positive charge in the center of the system and will not skip it at full speed, but will be reflected back and, consequently, a smaller in size and magnitude of charge will appear inside the volumetric negative cloud - a positive spherical cloud of inhibited positive particles (see M5B2). However, with a much smaller charge and with smaller dimensions, its potential will be equal to the potential of the negative charge, and the voltage is much greater than the voltage of the external negative charge. After the formation of a positive charge, the electrons behave differently already. Now, having slowed down to the minimum speed, the radially converging flow of electrons falls under the influence of an internal positive charge and under this influence begins to accelerate again towards the center of the system. Having reached the cloud of positive sedentary particles, the electrons will accelerate back to their original velocity, and their velocity vectors will be directed to the center even more precisely.

 Then everything repeats many times, and, each time, new, smaller in size, but denser spherical charges are formed, hanging motionless in space, in the form of a matryoshka doll.

 Analyzing this logical chain, it is necessary to constantly remember that there are no direct collisions between particles. The electron stream moves towards the center, then slowing down, then accelerating again, forming a cascade of negatively charged spheres inserted into each other. Positive particles, moving to the same center, also slow down, then accelerate and form a corresponding set of positively charged spheres. Positive spheres alternate with negative ones and, in general, the whole system remains electrically neutral.

 As a result, a multilayer spherical capacitor is spontaneously formed and hangs motionless in space (see M5B3). Special attention should be paid to the fact that the above-described capacitor can be formed only when the probability of direct collisions between particles is negligible and particle flows freely permeate each other. This is possible only at a very high plasma temperature, that is, when the free path of the particle is much larger than the Debye radius. Therefore, as soon as the plasma temperature reaches a critical value and the free path of the particles exceeds the Debye radius, the spontaneous formation of multilayer capacitors is inevitable.

Stationary electrostatic waves arise by themselves in the focus area. Electrostatic oscillations in plasma have been known for a long time, but the described spherical system is something unique and unknown until now. Its peculiarity is that electric fields are formed, hanging motionless in space. There can be nothing like this in any other medium except plasma. It is very difficult to detect such a structure experimentally, since it does not create external electric and magnetic fields. Particles with an energy greater than the average cross it unhindered, and its characteristic dimensions range from millimeters to fractions of a micron.

 A very important role is played by magnetic fields created by a radially converging electron flow and two electron beams coming out of the focus point. The magnetic field, as it were, separates the flow of outgoing electrons from the radially converging flow and provides the maximum possible (absolute) autofocus of the electrons entering the focus point and the formation of outgoing and focus point electrons into beams.

 As a result, in the area of the plasma focus, a system of electric and magnetic fields is spontaneously formed directing each particle flying through this area from any direction to the point of absolute focus, the dimensions of which are equal to the de Broglie wavelength for deuterium ions with an energy of several tens of keV.

 All events occur at this point, the size of an atomic nucleus. At any given time, several deuterium nuclei and several electrons can be located at this point at once, which compensate for the electrostatic repulsion of positive nuclei. It turns out to be a distant analogue of mu-meson catalysis. Nuclear reactions, in this case, follow a completely different scenario, and are completely different from the reactions of nuclear fusion using an accelerator, when the nuclei approach due to kinetic energy and an accidental direct collision.

 At any power of a traditional accelerator, the probability of collision and convergence to the distance of a nuclear reaction of several particles at once is absent in principle, and at the point of the plasma focus several particles, including electrons, approach to nuclear distances at once. Consequently, nuclear reactions involving several nuclei at once and with the direct presence of electrons can occur at the plasma focus point, that is, nuclear reactions are not at all similar to reactions using accelerators and, therefore, have not been studied at all until now.

 he M5V3 shows the real trajectories of particles and the processes actually occurring in existing Plasma Focus installations. This is not a complete mathematical model, but its elements are used.

 EFFICIENCY OF THE PLASMA FOCUS

As is known, installations based on the principle of "Plasma Focus" provide a very intense nuclear reaction (up to 100 MW per pulse), but do not give a positive energy balance, and modern theory explains this by the fact that the Lawson condition is not fulfilled. But this condition itself is an annoying misunderstanding, and the real reason is that in order to form an absolute focus point, a converging flow of electrons with a current of up to 10,000 amperes and with an energy of tens and hundreds of keV is needed, and this is a power of thousands of megawatts. With equal energy, the velocity of positive ions is one hundred times less than the velocity of electrons, therefore, the ion current through the focus point is one hundred times less than the electron current through the same point. In addition, not every ion that passes the focus point will react, but about one in ten. As a result, with an electron current of 10,000 amperes and a power of several thousand megawatts expended, the nuclear reaction power at this point is only 100 megawatts, i.e. much less than it is expended. Simply put, it turns out that for one act of fusion of two nuclei, it is necessary to accelerate several thousand electrons to an energy of tens of keV and, therefore, it is necessary to expend more energy than is obtained as a result of the synthesis of the same two nuclei.

There are only two ways to resolve this contradiction:

 1) Form a set of plasma focus points, disperse electron beams once (heat them up), launch them sequentially through thousands of such points (and in three-dimensional mode billions of points will be required) and get, as a result, a full-scale thermonuclear explosion. What happens in this case, you can look at M1B1, M1B2, M1B3, M1B4. A positive energy balance is formed due to the fact that once an overclocked electron beam passes through several thousand focus points, and thus ensures the fusion of several thousand deuterium nuclei. The energy released during this synthesis is compared to or exceeds the energy spent on the initial acceleration of the electron beam.

 2) Disperse electron beams, obtain a nuclear fusion reaction with a power of 100 MW (a solid power and, experimentally, achieved) at one point, and recover the energy of the electrons that have passed the focus point with a efficiency of 99.99%. You should not be afraid of such a high efficiency - it does not contradict the laws of thermodynamics and, as calculations show, is quite achievable. A beam of electrons with an energy of 1 MeV is equivalent to a coolant with a temperature of 10 billion degrees. If we take the temperature of the heater at 10 billion, and the temperature of the refrigerator at 1000 degrees, then the ideal efficiency will be 99.9999%, the declared efficiency is a hundred times less. Thus, if a good recovery system is added to the already existing and working Plasma Focus installation and all the energy spent on discharge is returned with an efficiency of 99.99%, then a positive energy balance will undoubtedly be achieved. Special attention should be paid to this point. This is a direct proof that, in order to solve the TCB problem, it is enough, just, to convert the thermal energy of a plasma with a temperature of millions of degrees into electrical energy with an efficiency of four nines, which, at such a high temperature, is quite real.

 But, electric discharge is an almost uncontrollable thing and, for real, it is possible to solve the problem only with the help of special super-powerful accelerators capable of forming crossed, permanent electron beams, with a current of up to 10,000 amperes, with an energy of up to 1 MeV and with a good energy recovery system.

There are currently no such accelerators, but the principle of their implementation has already been found, reliably calculated and their feasibility is beyond doubt (see M6B5). The cartoon shows a simplified diagram of an electron beam flywheel. This principle is based on the spherical symmetry of the accelerator-anti–accelerator system and the general, complementary structure of magnetic and electric fields, accelerating and braking systems. This allows the energy taken during deceleration of electron beams leaving the plasma focus to be immediately transferred to accelerated beams and thus achieve an exceptionally high recovery efficiency. The flow of energy goes directly through the general electrostatic field, in which the particles entering the reaction zone are accelerated, and the particles leaving this zone are slowed down.

 The expert of the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute pointed out that experiments were conducted with collinear, low-current electron beams and the efficiency in this case does not reach 90%, since the slightest initial or acquired transverse component of the particle velocity leads to the fact that the particle does not reach the collector. But in the proposed installation, this problem is reliably solved due to a very large beam current, and the aforementioned spherical symmetry.

 All the arguments given by the expert are perfectly valid for low-current beams, but are not acceptable for beams with a current of thousands of amperes. The expert clearly does not possess this knowledge and could not figure out this new pattern unknown to anyone and not described anywhere, and for some reason he did not want to delve into and request explanations from the author.  The answers to all the expert's doubts have long been found. All the hindering patterns given by him were initially known and, purposefully, neutralized even during the design of the installation.

 BALL LIGHTNING

 The phenomenon of ball lightning modern plasma theory, even, does not undertake to explain. It is only recognized that it exists, appears most often in a thunderstorm, sometimes appears in electrical installations, as a rule, explodes, carries a reserve of energy, can burn, glows, has the shape of a ball, moves slowly, and always appears “suddenly”. It is generally recognized that ball lightning has many completely incomprehensible features.

 For example, a case was recorded when a burnt imprint of the surrounding area was left on the body of a person who died from a ball lightning. As if the light rays reflected from the surrounding buildings and objects passed through a kind of focusing lens, intensified very much, turned into hard radiation, passed through the clothes of the deceased and left a corresponding burn on his body in the form of a panorama of the surrounding area.

 From the standpoint of modern theory, the fact is completely inexplicable, but, from the standpoint of the plasma focus, it is quite possible. By all indications, ball lightning is a clot of plasma, but why it does not fly away for so long remains the main and completely inexplicable mystery for modern science. After all, plasma is a clot of chaotic particles and, according to gas laws, should expand very quickly. From the position of the new theory, all this is easily explained.

 At a very high particle energy, plasma is a strictly organized system of moving, or rather oscillating, particles in the form of a multilayer spherical capacitor in three-dimensional space. The energy of the ball lightning is accumulated, precisely, in this capacitor. It is these fields that do not allow particles to fly apart. Only after the energy of the particles has decreased to a critical value, and the particles will no longer be able to oscillate without frequent mutual collisions with each other, the gas laws begin to operate again. Chaos ensues, the whole system collapses like an avalanche, the plasma crystal (ball lightning) abruptly turns into an ordinary clot of chaotic particles, and already in strict accordance with the modern theory of plasma begins to expand intensively - explodes.

 The vast majority of other phenomenal features of ball lightning are also easily explained by the new theory.

NEUTRON RADIATION DURING HEAVY WATER ELECTROLYSIS

 eak neutron radiation during the electrolysis of heavy water was recorded, and there was even a little hype in the press about this. The experiments were repeated in several laboratories, but it is not possible to repeat the experiment reliably, the radiation is weak, there is no positive energy balance, there is no scientific explanation for this phenomenon, and this experimental fact was quickly forgotten.  But this is another powerful argument in favor of the proposed theory. It has been proven that nuclear fusion is due to the ultra-high density of matter, and this is what happens. During the electrolysis of heavy water, one of the metal electrodes is impregnated with deuterium ions. At a current of several thousand amperes (it was at such high currents that neutron radiation was observed), spontaneous formation occurs, right in the thickness of the electrode metal, of an absolute focus point of electrons and deuterium ions. At this point, the density of the substance reaches the neutron density, and the nuclei approach to the distance of the nuclear reaction at room temperature. The initial conditions for the formation of the focus point, i.e. the converging flow of charged particles is provided by a suitable crystal structure of the electrode metal. Therefore, neutron radiation is recorded only when a certain type of metal is used as electrodes. Essentially, it is a semiconductor version of the plasma focus. The paradox is that there should be no neutron radiation, its appearance is the result of random fluctuations in the isotopic composition at the neutron point. Neutrons appear only when only deuterium nuclei are randomly collected at a neutron point, and the reaction cannot proceed without neutrons.                                                                                                                                                                                          The same thing happens in the experiments on bubble synthesis of Rusi Taleyarkhan http://nature.web.ru/db/msg.html?mid=1181360 .                                                                                                    Only when deuterium prevails at the point of collapse of the bubble, synthesis occurs with the release of neutrons. If there is a set of dissimilar nuclei at this point, then the synthesis reactions go on, but without neutron radiation. These reactions can be detected only by changing the isotopic composition, but orthodox physicists dismiss this option from the threshold.

TRANSMUTATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES

 Transmutation of chemical elements was detected when crushing bricks with powerful electrical discharges. At the same time, illiquid equipment of the Kurchatov Institute left over from experiments with plasma was used. Powerful capacitor banks were connected together and ordinary bricks were crushed by the discharges of these batteries, hoping to simulate an earthquake as an underground thunderstorm. To the credit of the experimenters, they noticed and paid serious attention to unusual phenomena. In these discharges, long-lived luminous objects (ball lightning) were recorded, the appearance of chemical elements unusual in the composition of ordinary bricks was detected, and even the appearance of unusual radiation was recorded. All these phenomena were explained by the appearance of magnetic monopoles at the moment of discharge, but this is most likely a mistake. The theory of magnetic monopoles is a long-standing idea that has never been? I have not found experimental confirmation and their binding to these phenomena is unjustified haste.

 All these phenomena are perfectly consistent with the theory of absolute plasma focus. In all likelihood, the experimenters connected several capacitor banks in parallel, spaced in such a way that currents flowing to the discharge point from all sides uniformly formed, and this is one of the main conditions for the formation of a plasma crystal. At the same time, this discharge begins with the flow of current through solid conductors, and not through gas, as in traditional plasma experiments, and this leads to the fact that before the discharge site melts and plasma appears in this area. The current manages to reach large values and, accordingly, the plasma appears when a powerful magnetic field has already formed. The energy accumulated in this magnetic field is triggered like a catapult, and at the moment of melting (ionization of the discharge zone), i.e. at the moment of current interruption, powerful beams of relativistic electrons are fired into this area, uniformly from all sides. This leads to the fact that a multilayer spherical capacitor, described above, is formed at the discharge point, and in its center is a point with the neutron density of matter. At this point, dozens of atomic nuclei mixed with electrons converge and enter into nuclear reactions at once. There new chemical elements are formed: gold, lead, palladium, etc. Such heavy elements cannot release energy during synthesis, and apparently do not give neutron radiation. It is interesting to note that according to the new theory, the synthesized chemical elements should be ejected from the reaction point in the form of beams, and the thin filamentous formations of the purest metals found in experiments should be such - filamentous and purest.    Moreover, the analysis of the percentage ratio of the initial elements and the elements that appeared after the electric discharge shows that it is the multicore reactions that are going on, but yes, theoretical physicists who have noticed this important pattern cannot understand how several multicharged nuclei can get closer at the same time.  The results obtained by Urutskoev's group remain unrecognized. In addition, Urutskoev himself does not see the relationship with the theory of plasma crystallization, but in vain.

 By carrying out discharges through a system of wires, selecting their spatial configuration and material, the synthesis process can be controlled to some extent - tuning mainly to obtain a certain chemical element, for example palladium. However, the economic efficiency of such production is in doubt. The use of an electron beam flywheel will allow you to precisely tune in to obtain the desired chemical element in a continuous mode and on an industrial scale.

 s for the incomprehensible radiation, during these experiments, it may be ball micro-lightning. They may well be mistaken for radiation. They are fractions of a micron in size, react weakly with the substance, and on the film or in the bubble chamber they can leave traces similar to traces of elementary particles.

 t is possible to list and describe experimental data that clearly agree with the developed theory for a long time, but the facts given are quite enough to understand that the new theory is literally knocking on all doors, and only the inertia of thinking constrains its serious and non-biased discussion.

Epilogue

 This work is based on only one (made back in 1977) successful guess about the neutron density point. This guess explains so well many contradictions and paradoxes in the behavior of high-temperature plasma that it deserves to be accepted as a postulate. 

                                             Author:            Grinev V.T. 12.09.2006

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